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    氯&nbsp;<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl}\)</span>
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<h1 id="元素及其化合物--六--氯-cecl-与卤族元素">元素及其化合物 · 六 · 「氯 <span class="arithmatex">\((\ce{Cl})\)</span> 与卤族元素」<a class="headerlink" href="#元素及其化合物--六--氯-cecl-与卤族元素" title="Permanent link"></a></h1>
<h2 id="氯-cecl">氯 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl}\)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#氯-cecl" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="氯气">氯气<a class="headerlink" href="#氯气" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<h4 id="物理性质">物理性质<a class="headerlink" href="#物理性质" title="Permanent link"></a></h4>
<p><strong>黄绿色</strong> 气体，有刺激性气味，可溶于水，密度大于空气，沸点比气体高，易液化，有毒</p>
<p>闻氯气气味的方法：抽去盛氯气的集气瓶口处的毛玻璃片，用手掌在瓶口上方轻轻扇动，使少量氯气飘进鼻孔</p>
<h4 id="化学性质">化学性质<a class="headerlink" href="#化学性质" title="Permanent link"></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p>氯气与氢气反应： <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2 + Cl2 \xlongequal{点燃} 2HCl}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>氢气在氯气中安静地燃烧，发出苍白色的火焰，瓶口出现白雾</p>
<p>工业制 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HCl}\)</span> 时采用点燃法，工业浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HCl}\)</span> 常显黄色，是因为含 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe^3+}\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>氯气与金属单质反应</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2Fe + 3Cl2 \xlongequal{点燃} 2FeCl3}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>产生黄色火焰，棕褐色烟雾</p>
<p>与反应物的量无关（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe^3+-&gt;[Fe]Fe^2+}\)</span> 只发生在氯化铁溶液中）</p>
<p>氧化性从高到低排列为：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> &gt; <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span> &gt; <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{S}\)</span></p>
<ol>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe}\)</span> 反应生成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{FeCl3}\)</span></li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe}\)</span> 反应可以生成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe3O4}\)</span></li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{S}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe}\)</span> 反应生成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{FeS}\)</span></li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cu + Cl2 \xlongequal{点燃} CuCl2}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>产生棕黄色固体</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2Na + Cl2 \xlongequal{点燃} 2NaCl}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>氯气与水反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2 +H2O &lt;=&gt; HCl +HClO}\)</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：该反应为可逆反应，且由于 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HClO}\)</span> 为弱酸，<strong>离子反应中不可拆</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p>氯气与碱反应</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> 与常温下的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 溶液</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NaOH + Cl2 \xlongequal{} NaCl + NaClO + H2O}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>应用：</p>
<ol>
<li>实验室吸收多余的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span></li>
<li>工业制漂白液、84 消毒液，有效成分为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaClO}\)</span></li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> 与冷的石灰乳 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ca(OH)2}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 \xlongequal{} CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>如果书写离子方程式，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ca(OH)2}\)</span> 不要拆开，其是以悬浊液存在的</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ca(ClO)2}\)</span> 是漂白粉、漂白精的有效成分</p>
<p>起效：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ca(ClO)2 + CO2 +H2O \xlongequal{} CaCO3 + 2HClO}\)</span></p>
<p>失效：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2HClO\xlongequal{光照}2HCl +O2 ^}\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>氯气与还原性无机化合物反应</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2 + 2FeCl2 \xlongequal{} 2FeCl3}\)</span>（除去 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{FeCl3}\)</span> 中的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{FeCl2}\)</span>）</p>
</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2 + H2S \xlongequal{} 2HCl + S}\)</span>（氧化性：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> &gt; <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{S}\)</span>）</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2 + 2NaBr \xlongequal{} 2NaCl + Br2}\)</span>（用于海水提取溴）</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2 + 2KI \xlongequal{} 2KCl + I2}\)</span>（用于用 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{KI -}\)</span> 淀粉试纸检验 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span>）</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O \xlongequal{} 2HCl + H2SO4}\)</span>（失去漂白作用）</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{3Cl2 + 8NH3 \xlongequal{} 6NH4Cl + N2 ^}\)</span>（用浓氨水检查氯气管道是否漏气）</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="实验室制备">实验室制备<a class="headerlink" href="#实验室制备" title="Permanent link"></a></h4>
<p><img src="./images/6.1.png" style="zoom: 30%;" /></p>
<ol>
<li>原理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{MnO2 +4HCl(浓)\xlongequal{\Delta}MnCl2 +Cl2 ^ +2H2O}\)</span>（<strong>不浓不热不反应</strong>）</li>
<li>装置：</li>
<li>分液漏斗：固液加热生成气体所需，用于调节浓盐酸滴入速率</li>
<li>饱和食盐水：降低 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> 对水的溶解性，减少损耗（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2 +H2O &lt;=&gt;H+ +Cl- +HClO}\)</span>，氯化钠促进平衡逆移）；用于除 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HCl}\)</span> 气体（氯化氢极易溶于水）</li>
<li>浓硫酸：用于除 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2O}\)</span> 蒸汽</li>
<li>向上排空气法：氯气密度比空气大（或排饱和食盐水法）</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 水溶液：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NaOH + Cl2 \xlongequal{} NaCl + NaClO + H2O}\)</span></li>
<li>验满：将湿润的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{KI -}\)</span> 淀粉试纸靠近瓶口，若试纸立即变蓝，则证明氯气已经收集满</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>其他制备方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>直接将酸性高锰酸钾溶液加入盐酸中制备，无需加热，无需浓盐酸
   反应原理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2KMnO4 +16HCl \xlongequal{} 2KCl +2MnCl2 +5Cl2 ^ +8H2O}\)</span></li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{KClO3 +6HCl \xlongequal{} KCl +3Cl2 ^ +3H2O}\)</span></li>
<li>84 消毒液与洁厕灵混用：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{ClO- +Cl- +2H^+ \xlongequal{} Cl2 ^ +H2O}\)</span></li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="氯水">氯水<a class="headerlink" href="#氯水" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<h4 id="新制氯水">新制氯水<a class="headerlink" href="#新制氯水" title="Permanent link"></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p>新制氯水的成分（由大到小）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>分子：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2O、Cl2、HClO}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>离子：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H+、Cl- 、ClO- 、OH-}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>性质</p>
</li>
</ol>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center;">成分</th>
<th>表现性质</th>
<th>实例</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span></td>
<td>黄绿色 <br>强氧化性</td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{(\overset{-2}{S})H2S、HS- 、S^2--&gt;[Cl2]S v}\)</span><br><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{(\overset{+4}{S})SO2、H2SO3 、HSO^-_3 、SO^2-_3-&gt;[Cl2]SO^2-_4 v}\)</span> <br/> <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2 +Cl2 +2H2O\xlongequal{}H2SO4 +2HCl}\)</span><br><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2I- +Cl2\xlongequal{}I2 +2Cl- \quad 2Br- +Cl2\xlongequal{}Br2 +2Cl-}\)</span><br><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2Fe^2+ +Cl2\xlongequal{}2Fe^3+ +2Cl-}\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H+}\)</span></td>
<td>弱酸性</td>
<td>与镁反应放出 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2}\)</span><br>与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CaCO3}\)</span> 反应放出 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CO2}\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HClO}\)</span></td>
<td>弱酸性 <br><strong>强氧化性</strong></td>
<td>1. 漂白、杀菌、消毒 <br/> 2. <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> 使湿润的有色布条褪色，不能使干燥的有色布条褪色，说明 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> 没有漂白性，而是 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HClO}\)</span> 起漂白作用<br>3. 使紫色石蕊试剂先变红（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H+}\)</span> 酸性作用），后褪色（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HClO}\)</span> 氧化性作用）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl-}\)</span></td>
<td>沉淀反应</td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ag+ +Cl- \xlongequal{}AgCl v}\)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="旧置氯水">旧置氯水<a class="headerlink" href="#旧置氯水" title="Permanent link"></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>反应方程式：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2HClO \xlongequal{光照}2HCl +O2 ^}\)</span></li>
<li>成分：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HCl}\)</span> 水溶液</li>
<li>性质：有酸性（比新制氯水强），无氧化性、无漂白性</li>
<li>实验室中氯水需 <strong>现用现配</strong>，且避光、密封保存在 <strong>棕色试剂瓶</strong> 中</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>液氯、新制氯水、旧置氯水的比较</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>液氯</th>
<th>新制氯水</th>
<th>久置氯水</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>分类</td>
<td>纯净物</td>
<td>混合物</td>
<td>混合物</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>颜色</td>
<td>黄绿色</td>
<td>浅黄绿色</td>
<td>无色</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>性质</td>
<td>氧化性</td>
<td>酸性、氧化性、漂白性</td>
<td>酸性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>粒子种类</td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2、HClO、H2O、H+、Cl- 、ClO- 、OH-}\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2O、H+、Cl- 、OH-}\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>保存</td>
<td>钢瓶</td>
<td>棕色试剂瓶</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="氯离子的检验">氯离子的检验<a class="headerlink" href="#氯离子的检验" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<blockquote>
<p>借助 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgCl}\)</span> 沉淀来检验氯离子的存在，但需要排除碳酸根离子的干扰</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p>实验过程：在三支试管中分别加入 2~3mL 稀盐酸、<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaCl}\)</span> 溶液、<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Na2CO3}\)</span> 溶液，然后各滴入几滴 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgNO3}\)</span> 溶液，观察现象。再分别加入少量稀硝酸，观察现象</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>实验现象：</p>
</li>
</ol>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left;">物质</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">加入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgNO3}\)</span> 溶液后</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">加入稀硝酸后</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">解释或离子方程式</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;">稀盐酸</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">白色沉淀（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgCl}\)</span>）</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">不溶解</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ag+ +Cl- \xlongequal{}AgCl v}\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaCl}\)</span> 溶液</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">白色沉淀（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgCl}\)</span>）</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">不溶解</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ag+ +Cl- \xlongequal{}AgCl v}\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Na2CO3}\)</span> 溶液</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">白色沉淀（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ag2CO3}\)</span>）</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">溶解并产生气泡</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2Ag+ +CO^2-_3\xlongequal{}Ag2CO3 v}\)</span><br><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ag2CO3 +2H+\xlongequal{}2Ag+ +H2O +CO2 ^}\)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ol>
<li>结论：</li>
</ol>
<p>待测液 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{-&gt;[HNO3][酸化]}\)</span> （排除 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CO^2-_3}\)</span> 的干扰） <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{-&gt;[AgNO3]}\)</span> 白色沉淀 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgCl}\)</span></p>
<h2 id="卤族元素">卤族元素<a class="headerlink" href="#卤族元素" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="相似性">相似性<a class="headerlink" href="#相似性" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>都能与大多数金属反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe-&gt;[F2/Cl2/Br2]Fe^3+;Fe-&gt;[I2]Fe^2+}\)</span></li>
<li>都能与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2}\)</span> 反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2 +X2\xlongequal{}2HX}\)</span></li>
<li>都能与水反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2O +Cl2/Br2/I2&lt;=&gt;HX +HXO;2H2O +2F2&lt;=&gt;4HF +O2}\)</span></li>
<li>都能与碱液反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NaOH +Cl2/Br2/I2\xlongequal{}NaX +NaXO +H2O;2F2 +4NaOH\xlongequal{}4NaF +2H2O +O2}\)</span></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="递变性">递变性<a class="headerlink" href="#递变性" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>颜色：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F2(浅黄绿色)-&gt;Cl2(黄绿色)-&gt;Br2(深红棕色)-&gt;I2(紫黑色)}\)</span> 颜色加深</p>
<p>熔沸点：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F2(气体)-&gt;Cl2(气体)-&gt;Br2(液体)-&gt;I2(固体)}\)</span> 逐渐升高</p>
<p>密度：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F2-&gt;Cl2-&gt;Br2-&gt;I2}\)</span> 逐渐升高</p>
<p>水溶性：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F2(反应)-&gt;Cl2(溶解)-&gt;Br2(溶解)-&gt;I2(微溶)}\)</span> 逐渐降低</p>
<p>氧化性：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{-&gt;[F2、Cl2、Br2、I2][与氢化合由易到难]}\)</span> 逐渐减小</p>
<p>还原性：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{-&gt;[F- 、Cl- 、Br- 、I-]}\)</span> 逐渐增强</p>
<blockquote>
<p>比较氧化性的方法：
①与氢气化合难易程度；②氢化物的稳定性；③最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性；④置换反应</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="特殊性">特殊性<a class="headerlink" href="#特殊性" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>氟  <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F2}\)</span></li>
<li>氟没有正价，是非金属性最强，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F-}\)</span> 的还原性最弱</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2O}\)</span> 反应生成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HF}\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span>，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2}\)</span> 在暗处即可爆炸反应</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HF}\)</span> 是弱酸，能腐蚀玻璃，应保存在铅制器皿或塑料瓶中；有毒；在卤素氢化物中，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HF}\)</span> 的沸点最高（分子间存在氢键）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>溴  <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Br2}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Br2}\)</span> 是深红棕色液体，易挥发</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Br2}\)</span> 易溶于有机溶剂</li>
<li>
<p>盛放液态溴时，试剂瓶需加水封，保存时不能用橡胶塞封口</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>碘  <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{I2}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{I2}\)</span> 遇淀粉变蓝色</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{I2}\)</span> 加热时易升华（用于分离提纯 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{I2}\)</span>）</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{I2}\)</span> 易溶于有机溶剂</li>
<li>食盐中添加 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{KIO3}\)</span> 可预防和治疗甲状腺肿大</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="卤素离子的检验">卤素离子的检验<a class="headerlink" href="#卤素离子的检验" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgNO3}\)</span> 溶液——沉淀法</li>
</ol>
<p>未知液 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{-&gt;[稀硝酸]-&gt;[\)</span>\ce{AgNO3}$ 溶液]}$ <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{\begin{cases}白色沉淀&amp;Cl- \\淡黄色沉淀&amp;Br- \\黄色沉淀&amp;I- \end{cases}}\)</span></p>
<ol>
<li>置换——萃取法</li>
</ol>
<p>未知液 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{-&gt;[适量新制饱和氯水][振荡]-&gt;[\)</span>\ce{CCl4}$ 或 汽油][振荡]}$ 有机层 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{\begin{cases}橙色或橙红色&amp;Br- \\紫色、浅紫色或紫红色&amp;I- \end{cases}}\)</span></p>
<ol>
<li>氧化——淀粉法检验 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{I-}\)</span></li>
</ol>
<p>未知液（无色）<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{-&gt;[适量新制饱和氯水][振荡]-&gt;[淀粉溶液][振荡]}\)</span> 蓝色溶液 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{\quad I-}\)</span></p>
<h3 id="海水资源的开发和利用">海水资源的开发和利用<a class="headerlink" href="#海水资源的开发和利用" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>海水淡化：蒸馏法、电渗析法、离子交换法</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>海水制盐：氯碱工业</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NaCl +2H2O\xlongequal{电解}2NaOH +H2↑+Cl2↑}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{海水→粗盐-&gt;[制取]饱和食盐水-&gt;[电解]\ce{\begin{cases}阴极产物&amp;Cl2 \\阳极产物&amp;H2、NaOH \end{cases}}}\)</span></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>海水提溴</p>
<p><img src="./images/6.2.png" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>海水提碘</p>
<p><img src="./images/6.3.png" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
</li>
</ol>


  



 
 
 
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